LED Knowledge · LED 相關知識
什麼是 LED？
What is an LED?
繁體中文
發光二極體（Light Emitting Diode，簡稱 LED）是一種半導體（semi-conductor）材料，透過「電致發光」（Electroluminescence）產生光線。這是一種光學與電學現象：當電流或強電場通過該材料時，材料便會發出光線。用於燈具的高功率白光 LED 不斷演進，正迅速取代傳統的鎢絲（incandescent）與螢光（fluorescent）光源。自 1960 年代以來，LED 技術的發光效率與光輸出呈指數級增長，每約 36 個月便提升一倍。
English
A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a semi-conductive material that produces light through electroluminescence — an optical and electrical phenomenon in which a material emits light when an electric current or strong electric field passes through it.
The high-power white-light LED used in modern luminaires is rapidly replacing incandescent and fluorescent sources. Since the 1960s, advances in LED technology have driven efficiency and light output up exponentially, roughly doubling every 36 months.
01 Advantages
LED 的優勢 Advantages of LED
低營運成本
Low running costs
LED 將電能轉化為光的效率遠高於傳統光源。鎢絲燈泡會把大部分電能（約 90%）以熱能形式流失，而 LED 則把絕大部分電能轉化為可見光。換言之，要達到相同的光輸出（lumen），LED 所需的功率（watt）更少
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LEDs convert electricity into light far more efficiently than traditional sources. An incandescent lamp loses most of its energy — around 90% — as heat, whereas an LED turns the great majority of its input into visible light. You draw fewer watts to reach the same lumen output.
長壽命Long life
大部分 LED 燈具的標稱壽命為 50,000 小時，並以 L80 表示光衰：即在 50,000 小時後，LED 仍能維持初始光輸出的 80%。以每日 12 小時、全年 365 日計算，壽命約為 11.5 年。作為比較：已被淘汰的鎢絲蠟燭燈約 1,000 小時、低壓鹵素燈約 5,000 小時、金屬鹵化物（metal halide）燈約 12,000 小時，而 T5 螢光燈最高約 20,000 小時。
Most LED luminaires are rated at 50,000 hours, usually quoted with an L80 figure — meaning that at 50,000 hours the LED still delivers 80% of its day-one output. At 12 hours a day, 365 days a year, that is around 11.5 years. For context: a tungsten candle lamp lasts about 1,000 hours, a low-voltage halogen around 5,000, a metal halide discharge lamp around 12,000, and a T5 fluorescent up to 20,000.
無紅外熱量或紫外線
No infrared heat or UV
鎢絲燈有相當部分能量落在肉眼看不見的紅外／熱輻射範圍。LED 的光輸出則幾乎全部集中在人眼可見的 400–700nm 範圍內，光束中不含紅外（IR）熱輻射，亦不含紫外線（UV）。
An incandescent lamp emits much of its energy as invisible infrared/heat. An LED concentrates virtually all of its output within the visible 400–700nm range, with no infrared (IR) heat and no ultraviolet (UV) in the beam.
環保
Earth friendly
螢光燈管往往含有汞（mercury）等多種化學物質；LED 不含有毒化學物質，並可 100% 回收。
Unlike fluorescent lamps, which can contain mercury and other chemicals, LEDs are free of toxic substances and are 100% recyclable.
即時亮燈
Instant light
部分光源（如慳電膽 / compact fluorescent）需時預熱才能達到全亮度；LED 則 100% 即時亮起，特別適合配合 PIR 感應器及人體存在感應（occupancy sensor）等開關方式使用。
Unlike compact fluorescents, which need time to warm up to full brightness, LEDs reach full output instantly. This makes them ideal for use with PIR and occupancy-sensor switching.
靈活多變Flexible
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提供多種色溫（colour temperature）：由極暖白光至日光色（2400K–6000K）
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提供多種尺寸
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堅固耐用 —— 即使跌落仍能正常運作
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可在不同溫度環境下穩定運作
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完全可調光（fully dimmable）
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Available in a wide range of colour temperatures — from very warm white to daylight (2400K–6000K)
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Available in many sizes
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Robust — drop one and it still works
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Operates well across a range of temperatures
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Fully dimmable
02 Colour Mixing
RGB LED Red · Green · Blue
繁體中文
白光可由不同顏色的光混合而成，最常見的方法是混合紅（Red）、綠（Green）、藍（Blue）三色，因此這種多色白光 LED 通常被稱為 RGB。
LED 等固態（solid-state）元件若在低電流、低溫下運作，損耗極微。常見標稱壽命為 50,000 至 100,000 小時，但散熱與電流設定會大幅延長或縮短此壽命。LED 的表現與溫度相關：溫度越低，光輸出越高，並會在約 −30°C 左右（視乎類型）趨於平穩。
English
White light can be produced by mixing coloured light — most commonly red, green and blue (RGB). For this reason, multi-colour white LEDs are usually referred to as RGB.
Solid-state devices such as LEDs suffer very little wear when run at low currents and low temperatures. Typical rated lifetimes range from 50,000 to 100,000 hours, though heat and current settings can extend or shorten this significantly. LED performance is temperature-dependent: output rises as temperature falls, levelling off — depending on type — at around −30°C.
03 CHIP TECHNOLOGIES
晶片技術 SMD & COB
SMD
表面貼裝元件
Surface-Mounted Device
SMD 是較新一代的晶片，可直接焊接於印刷電路板（PCB）上，因此晶片之間所需的間距更小。型號通常以數字標示尺寸，例如「3528」代表 3.5mm × 2.8mm，「5050」代表 5.0mm × 5.0mm。優點：所需電壓低、發熱量小。常見於 LED 燈帶（LED strip）、LED 改裝燈泡（retrofit lamp）及 RGB 數碼燈帶。
SMD chips are a newer generation that solder directly onto a printed circuit board (PCB), allowing them to sit closer together. The model number denotes the chip size — for example, "3528" means 3.5mm × 2.8mm and "5050" means 5.0mm × 5.0mm. Benefits: low voltage requirement and low heat. Typically found on LED strips, retrofit lamps, and RGB digital tapes.
板上晶片
板上晶片
Chip On Board
COB 是晶片技術中較新的發展。它將多顆二極體（通常 9 顆以上）封裝於同一基板（substrate）上，以環氧樹脂（epoxy resin）等材料固定，再覆以黃色螢光粉（phosphor）。點亮時，整體看似單一光源模組。優點：更高的流明對瓦特比（lumen-to-watt ratio）、約 30% 更低的製造成本、高顯色指數（CRI）、高功率與高光強。常見用途：筒燈（downlight）、街燈（street light）及泛光燈（flood light）。
COB is the most recent development in chip technology. Multiple diodes — usually more than nine — are packaged together on a substrate with epoxy resin or similar material and covered with a yellow phosphor. When lit, the array looks like a single module. Benefits: a greater lumen-to-watt ratio, roughly 30% lower build cost, high CRI, and high power and intensity. Typical uses: downlights, street lights and flood lights.
三色混光
三色混光
Multi-colour White
透過混合紅（Red）、綠（Green）、藍（Blue）三色光源產生白光與全彩效果，屬可控、可變色的固態光源方案，常用於動態及裝飾照明（dynamic & decorative lighting）。
Produces white light and full-colour effects by mixing red, green and blue sources — a controllable, colour-changing solid-state solution widely used in dynamic and decorative lighting.